Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ
<div id="jInfo"> <div class="linkContent"> <div id="about" class="tip2"> <div id="jInfo"> <div class="linkContent"> <div id="about" class="tip2"> <p>The Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences (JEAS) Established in 1973, It is a research journal published by the College of Administration and Economics / University of Baghdad (Baghdad, Iraq). It is quarterly publishing articles that describe original research of permanent interest in all branches of administration, economics, accounting, and statistics. JEAS publishes National and international peer-review research in the areas of business administration, supply chain management, entrepreneurship, human capital management, management information systems, economics, finance, accounting, public administration, governance, and statistics. The journal welcomes both analytical and empirical research studies.</p> <p>Academic publishing is one of the basic requirements for supporting and activating the movement of scientific research, It provides researchers with an important opportunity to assess their research through arbitration clauses governing scientific research published, and display their research for scientific communication in production and employment results in the movement of scientific research service, The College Journal (Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences) from the prestigious journals in the life process issued by the College of Administrative and Economics - University of Baghdad, a quarterly scientific journal, dealing with economic and administrative studies, accounting and statistical.<br />Also interested in research on applied and field studies and evaluation of cognitive styles and concepts and comparative studies and case studies, as well as building models and theoretical frameworks and summaries of Masters and PhDs outstanding, as well as the deployment of business conferences and seminars within and outside the country.<br />The Journal was quarterly published every three months and four issues per year, as well as it's journal concerned with the deployment of the upgrade for the purposes of research for professors.<br />The first issue was released it in 1973 and expanded in scope issued to Arab countries and has attracted research from outside the country .<br />The Journal has obtained ISSN (2227-703x) and The number of deposit in the Library and Archives in Baghdad (1041 to 2008), and is continuing to supplement issued to all Iraqi universities and educational institutions, as well as the relevant ministries. <br />Scientific Seasonal Refereed Journal Specialized In Economic, Administration, Accounting And Statistical Studies<br />DATE OF FIRST ISSUE (1973).<br />NO. OF ISSUES for EACH YEAR (6) starting from (1st January, 2024).<br />issue published between 1973-until now.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>كلية الإدارة والاقتصاد/ جامعة بغدادenJournal of Economics and Administrative Sciences2518-5764<p>Articles submitted to the journal should not have been published before in their current or substantially similar form, or be under consideration for publication with another journal. Please see JEAS originality guidelines for details. Use this in conjunction with the points below about references, before submission i.e. always attribute clearly using either indented text or quote marks as well as making use of the preferred Harvard style of formatting. Authors submitting articles for publication warrant that the work is not an infringement of any existing copyright and will indemnify the publisher against any breach of such warranty. For ease of dissemination and to ensure proper policing of use, papers and contributions become the legal copyright of the publisher unless otherwise agreed.</p> <p>The editor may make use of Turnitin software for checking the originality of submissions received.</p>Performance Classification for Lasso Weights with Penalized Logistic Regression for High-Dimensional Data
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3151
<p>In high-dimensional data, classification performance is a crucial consideration. One method of interest is the penalized binary logistic regression. However, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) The Lasso method may face problems when the appropriate penalty for each coefficient is not determined. For this reason, different weights are used in weighted Lasso estimates to address this issue and improve classification performance. To overcome this limitation, we employ various Weighted Lasso Estimates, each with unique weight assignments, and compare their performance with our fifth proposed weight configuration. This application of Lasso weighting schemes aims to uncover the most effective approach for high-dimensional classification tasks while considering the optimal set of variables.</p> <p>The evaluation criteria for these methods include the number of selected variables, classification accuracy, and mean squared error. We then apply these techniques to real-world data to identify the most effective classification mode and select the optimal set of variables. This rigorous and precise investigation aims to provide a robust and reliable classification approach for high-dimensional systems.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research paper.</p>
Statistical ResearchesClassification, Penalized, Binary, Weighted, Lasso, High-dimensional,, WeightedAfiaa Raheem khudhairSaja Mohammed. Hussein
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2024-03-052024-03-0514916010.33095/rtzbhh20Probit and Improved Probit Transform-Based Kernel Estimator for Copula Density
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3150
<p>Copula modeling is widely used in modern statistics. The boundary bias problem is one of the problems faced when estimating by nonparametric methods, as kernel estimators are the most common in nonparametric estimation. In this paper, the copula density function was estimated using the probit transformation nonparametric method to eliminate the boundary bias problem that suffers kernel estimators. Simulation was also employed for three nonparametric methods to estimate the copula density function and we proposed a new method that is better than the rest of the methods by five types of copulas with different sample sizes and different levels of correlation between the copula variables and the different parameters for the function. The results showed that the best method is to combine probit transformation and mirror reflection kernel estimator (PTMRKE) and followed by the (IPE) method when using all copula functions and for all sample sizes. If the correlation is strong (positive or negative). However, in the case of using weak and medium correlations, it turns out that the (IPE) method is the best, followed by the proposed method (PTMRKE), depending on (RMSE, LOGL, Akaike) criteria. The results also indicated a weak mirror kernel reflection method when using the five copulas.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research paper.</p>
Statistical ResearchesCopula function, probit transformation, Kernel copula function, Improved probit transformation, Mirror reflection, Boundary bias.Fatimah Hashim FalhiMunaf Youssif Hmood
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2024-03-052024-03-0512614810.33095/tscrxh34SME Resilience in the Face of COVID Disruption: A Conceptual Framework
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3146
<p>The effect of COVID-19 on firms’ operations has been the worst of any previous epidemic. The overall supply chains, corporate operations, and performance have all been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, making small and medium-sized organizations more susceptible. At the same time, a sizable body of research-based literature demonstrates the detrimental impact of disruptions on firms. There is a severe lack of literature on the effects of disruptions on performance among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the elements that could increase their resistance to disruptions in sub-Saharan African economies. The research suggested that disruption absorption plays a moderating role as an in-house resource to reroute and counteract the consequences of operational disruptions brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of SMEs around the world and in Nigeria.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Conceptual paper</p>
Economics ResearchesSME Performance, Disruption Absorption Resilience, Covid-19 Disruption, Nigeriaأداء الشركات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، اضطراب التشغيل كوفيد -19، احتواء الاختلال، نيجيريا.Mahmoud Ahmad MahmoudAhmed MahmoudYousif Aftan AbdullahMahabub Musa Garba
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences
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2024-03-052024-03-0511912510.33095/fhc4kh44Financial Variables and Their Effects on The Development of Bank Credit and Productive Sectors in Iraq Using a Path Analysis Model
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3144
<p>This study aims to measure and analyze the direct and indirect effects of the financial variables, namely (public spending, public revenues, internal debt, and external debt), on the non-oil productive sectors with and without bank credit as an intermediate variable, using quarterly data for the period (2004Q1–2021Q4), converted using Eviews 12. In order to measure the objective of the study, the path analysis method was used using IBM SPSS-AMOS. The study concluded that the direct and indirect effects of financial variables have a weak role in directing bank credit towards the productive sectors in Iraq, which amounted to (0.18), as a result of market risks or unstable expectations in the economy. In addition to the weak credit ratings of borrowers, this is on the one hand, and on the other hand, the majority of the credit granted by the Iraqi banking system has been directed towards the construction sector as a result of the guarantees that this sector can provide compared to other productive sectors. On the other hand, financial variables were not supportive in directing bank credit towards the development of these sectors in the country's GDP because the results reflected by the direct and indirect effects of financial variables were weak in supporting productive sectors with or without bank credit. (Especially since the local debt was competing with the private sector in obtaining bank credit, and this is called the effect of crowding out.)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research paper.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>
Economics ResearchesFinancial Variables, Bank Credit, Productive Sectors, Path Analysis Model.Saif Ali Yahya HassanSalah Mahdi Abbas Al-Birmani
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2024-03-052024-03-0510211810.33095/jj4ph722The Mediating Role of Strategic Planning in Strengthening the Relationship Between Organizational Justice and Organizational Development: An Applied Study in the Baghdad/Al-Rusafa Health Department
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3143
<p>The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of organizational justice on organizational development using strategic planning as a mediating variable. Therefore, the main question for the problem of the current study is whether organizational justice is of great importance and can enhance organizational development strategically. As a case study, an applied descriptive and analytical study was conducted on the Rusafa Health Department in Baghdad. The study included 182 individuals in the administrative levels of the Baghdad Al-Rusafa Health Department. Questionnaires were used as a main tool for collecting and analyzing data using (SPSS (to achieve the objectives and test hypotheses of the study. This study confirms that applying Justice Theory to organizations through organizational justice topics is a basic condition for organizational development. These practices maintain the organization's reputation and thus employee retention. The results indicated that organizational justice has a significant impact on organizational development in its various dimensions through strategic planning among workers in the Rusafa Health Department.</p>
Managerial ResearchesOrganizational justice, Strategic planning, Organizational development.Saif Hani RedaMazen Fawaz Masoud
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2024-03-052024-03-058710110.33095/sw2avq33Evaluating of Improvement Level in Some of Diyala Governorate Departments according to the Eighth Requirement of Standard (ISO10006:2017)
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3142
<p>The research seeks to evaluate the reality of the level of improvement in a number of the Diyala governorate departments and to identify the gap between the actual reality of these departments and one of the requirements of the standard (ISO10006: 2017) through a case study of these departments, which are two departments (Engineering Construction and Buildings) which use tight checklists that are prepared according to the eighth requirement in the specification for improvement. The data are analyzed based on the seven-point Likert scale and statistical equations. The main result of this research at the engineering construction department is that the project management adopted documenting and analyzing the deviations depending on the importance of these deviations, where some minor deviations are dealt with simultaneously without documenting them. The main results at the Department of Buildings are the lack of a sufficient and integrated system for documentation that can be used by the project management, where the department did not specify the system that can be followed in projects and what the procedures for storage, preservation, and distribution, and the department did not develop a mechanism for improvement that can be followed to identify problems and treat them in order not to occur in the future.</p> <p><strong>Paper type: </strong>Research paper</p>
Managerial ResearchesISO 10006:2017 , Quality Management, Improvement: المواصفة (ISO10006:2017) ,ادارة المشاريع ,التحسين.Khalid younus farisSuha Jamal Mawlood
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2024-03-052024-03-05708610.33095/vbx07083Reviewing some water resources management strategies (Globally, Arabic, local)
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3140
<p>The issue of water has taken a large place in the writings of researchers and decision-makers at global, Arab, and local levels, especially in arid and semi-arid regions for many reasons. Water resources, especially those shared by more than one country, are also a source of conflict and tension between countries and will constitute the arena of future conflict under the name of (water war). There are many international studies concerned with the strategic management of water resources, and each study took a specific aspect according to the priority that researchers see in diagnosing the problem, which confirms the existence of a water crisis at the global level. Researchers have differed in presenting strategies for managing water resources, some of them gave priority to the stakeholders in solving the problem, while others focused on environmental analysis, still, some indicated the importance of strict internal management, and others found that the legal and political axis is the most important in strategies. In Iraq, the water problem is complex. It consists of all the previous axes, and this requires formulating a strategy based on an accurate analysis of these factors to come up with a strategic choice commensurate with the size of these challenges to address this serious crisis. Therefore, our choice of international, Arab, and local studies similar to the case of Iraq will contribute to clarifying the proposed strategy to shorten the effort and time; this is done by analysing the strategies in question to benefit from them in drawing the features of Iraqi strategy.</p> <p><strong>Research type</strong>: Literature review</p> <p> </p>
Managerial ResearchesStrategic Management, Integrated water resources management, Water shortage, Water poverty, Riparian countries.Bahaa Essa YassHussam Ali Mhaibes
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2024-03-052024-03-05566910.33095/qj16rj31The Relationship Between Organizational Agility and Strategic Entrepreneurship: An analytical Research in Some Companies at the Ministry of Agriculture in Iraq
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3138
<p>The research aims to test the correlation between organizational agility (AO) as an independent variable and strategic entrepreneurship as a dependent variable in the firms belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture of Iraq. Interest in these variables has increased as they contribute to environmental adaptation to maintain corporate value and reduce competition. To analyze the correlation between the study's variables, a set of objectives was formulated to reveal the nature of the correlation between organizational agility and strategic entrepreneurship, if any, in selected companies. Hypotheses were formulated to be notably related to the relationship association and influence organizational agility and its dimensions in strategic entrepreneurship. The study community reached 102 individuals. Because the study sample was (stratified) within the same level as the managers, 93 out of 102 individuals, questionnaires were retrieved. The SPSS program was used by utilizing appropriate statistical methods. The results demonstrated the acceptance of correlation and impact on the level of macro and sub-variables, and the study concluded that organizational agility behaviors need to be adopted by the organization due to an immediate response to understanding changes in the environment in terms of exploring opportunities and making flexible decisions towards investing in advantages towards strategic entrepreneurship.</p> <p><strong>Paper type:</strong> Analytical study in companies of the Ministry of Agriculture.</p>
Managerial ResearchesOrganizational agility, Strategic entrepreneurship, Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture.Ahmed Ameen Salim AlborathyFaouzi MasmoudiFiras Mohammed Ismael
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2024-03-052024-03-05385510.33095/s4pej084The Impact of Digital Leadership in Strategic Foresight / An Applied Research in Al-Rafidain Bank
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3136
<p>The business environment today is characterized by many changes, especially in the technological field. So, organizations require to keep pace with these changes by adopting new methods in providing products and services, including the adoption of digital leadership that is able to anticipate the future to seize opportunities in exploiting current resources while introducing new resources to achieve professional development in the all levels of the organization, which contributes to provide the best services and products to clients to gain their satisfaction and loyalty. The research problem is represented by asking a main question, which is (How can the administrative leaders of Al-Rafidain Bank employ digital leadership mechanisms to develop strategic foresight capabilities?), due to a variety of factors, such as misemployment of technology brought on by managers' lack of digital skills in providing banking services, which requires the adoption of digital leadership that contributes to the transition from traditional management to modern management that works to provide the best services that competitors cannot provide it, which leads to enhance the sustainability of the organization. The goal of this research is to investigate how the Al-Rafidain Bank's computerized initiative contributes to strategic foresight. The research sample was represented by the heads of departments and branches from Baghdad and the governorates, totaling (133) managers. The results demonstrated a substantial influence of digital leadership in boosting strategic foresight by applying proper statistical tools, such as the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and the statistical program (SPSS) and (AMOS).</p> <p><strong>Research type: </strong>Research Paper</p>
Managerial ResearchesDigital leadership, Strategic foresight, Al-Rafidain BankKadhim Jawad Jassim Salah Al-Deen Al-Kubaisy
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2024-03-052024-03-05243710.33095/9gnvce86CPM for Project Scheduling: Case Study in Karbala Metal Silo
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3134
<p>The understanding of techniques called project scheduling methods, and the delay in the completion of the Karbala metal silo in the holy province of Karbala is the non-use of modern techniques in implementation, so the research sought to provide the use of project scheduling using one of the advanced scientific methods that have proven the extent of its ability to schedule any project and its projects are the trade-off between time and the cost of completing the project . The objective of this research is to find the time and cost of completing the silo project in normal and crash conditions using CPM, which will facilitate the marketing of local wheat from the farmer and export it to mills. MS-Project was used to find the critical path. The cost distribution method was also used according to early start (ES) and latest start (LS) methods for calculating the process of distributing the costs of project activities and determining the area of financial savings when implementing project activities. The results obtained showed the importance of CPM and its efficiency in project scheduling, as the project was completed in normal conditions in 396 days and a total cost of 5,012,811,028 ID. However, when activities were crashed, the project completion time was 307 days and a total cost of 5,043,894,328 ID. The results also proved that using the method of allocating costs according to the LS method helped the decision maker to determine the area of financial abundance and the limits of financial maneuvering that he can perform during the completion of the project activities</p>
Managerial ResearchesProject Scheduling, Critical Path Method, Tradeoff between Time and cost, Scheduling costs.Hayman Fakhruddin SalehWaKas Saad KhalafHussein Mohammed Abualrejal
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2024-03-052024-03-0512310.33095/v4ry0989Classification of Iraqi Children According to Their Nutritional Status Using Fuzzy Logic
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3046
<p>In this paper, we build a fuzzy classification system for classifying the nutritional status of children under 5 years old in Iraq using the Mamdani method based on input variables such as weight and height to determine the nutritional status of the child. Also, Classifying the nutritional status faces a difficult challenge in the medical field due to uncertainty and ambiguity in the variables and attributes that determine the categories of nutritional status for children, which are relied upon in medical diagnosis to determine the types of malnutrition problems and identify the categories or groups suffering from malnutrition to determine the risks faced by each group or category of children. Malnutrition in children is one of the most important contributing factors to diseases and mortality. This research aims to develop a fuzzy classification system to assist in classifying the nutritional status of children under the age of five in Iraq using fuzzy logic, the fuzzy rules in the classification are derived from the Mamdani method. Therefore, by classifying the nutritional status of children more accurately, we reduce the chances of misdiagnosis and provide them with appropriate treatment more precisely to improve the health level of children and build a society more immunity and a good level of health.</p> <p>The Cluster Sampling size is 16,487 observations for children under 5 years old in Iraq, consisting of 8,427 males and 8,060 females. The sample was divided into 12 age categories. The results showed that age categories less than 2, 4, 6, and 8 months had a underweight of approximately 30%. On the other hand, the age categories from 8 months to less than 2 years had a overweight of approximately 30%. While for the rest of the children in the other age groups, they had a normal nutritional status.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type: </strong>Research paper<br><br></p>
Statistical Researchesالمنطق الضبابي، التصنيف الضبابي، الحالة التغذوية، طريقة مامديني، إزالة التضبيب.Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Classification, Nutritional Status, Mamdani Method, DefuzzificationHussein Ali HasanMohammad Jasim Mohammad
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2024-03-052024-03-0516117110.33095/jeas.v29i138.3046The Cluster Analysis by Using Nonparametric Cubic B-Spline Modeling for Longitudinal Data
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3045
<p>Longitudinal data is becoming increasingly common, especially in the medical and economic fields, and various methods have been analyzed and developed to analyze this type of data.</p> <p>In this research, the focus was on compiling and analyzing this data, as cluster analysis plays an important role in identifying and grouping co-expressed subfiles over time and employing them on the nonparametric smoothing cubic B-spline model, which is characterized by providing continuous first and second derivatives, resulting in a smoother curve with fewer abrupt changes in slope. It is also more flexible and can pick up on more complex patterns and fluctuations in the data.</p> <p>The longitudinal balanced data profile was compiled into subgroups by penalizing the pairwise distances between the coefficients of the cubic B-spline model using one of the common penalize functions, the Minimax Concave Penalty function (MCP). This method, in turn, works to determine the number of clusters through one of the model selection criteria, Bayesian information criteria (BIC), and we used optimization methods to solve their equations. Therefore, we applied the alternative direction method of the ADMM multiplier algorithm to reach approximate solutions to find the estimators of the nonparametric model using R statistical software.<br>Longitudinally balanced data were generated in the simulation study, as the number of subjects was 60 and the number of repeats (time) was 10 for each subject. The simulation was iterated 100 times, and it showed that employing the MCP partial methods on the cubic model can group profiles into clusters, which is the aim of this paper.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Paper type:</strong> Research paper.</p>
Statistical Researchesالبيانات الطولية ، نموذج الشرائح B-spline التكعيبية اللامعلمية ، التحليل العنقودي ، طريقة الاتجاه المتناوب لخوارزمية المضاعف ADMM.Longitudinal Data, Nonparametric Cubic B-Spline, Cluster Analysis, The Alternating Direction Method for Multiplier Algorithm ADMM.Noor Nawzat Ahmed Suhail Najm Abdullah
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2024-03-052024-03-0514716010.33095/jeas.v29i138.3045About Semi-parametric Methodology for Fuzzy Quantile Regression Model Estimation: A Review
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3044
<p>In this paper, previous studies about Fuzzy regression had been presented. The fuzzy regression is a generalization of the traditional regression model that formulates a fuzzy environment's relationship to independent and dependent variables. All this can be introduced by non-parametric model, as well as a semi-parametric model. Moreover, results obtained from the previous studies and their conclusions were put forward in this context. So, we suggest a novel method of estimation via new weights instead of the old weights and introduce</p> <p><strong>Paper Type:</strong> Review article.</p> <p>another suggestion based on artificial neural networks.</p>
Statistical Researchesالانحدار التجزيئي، مفهوم الضبابية، الرقم الضبابي المثلث، الاوزان، خوارزميات الذكاء الاصطناعي.Elaf Baha AlwanOmar Abdulmohsin Ali
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2024-03-052024-03-0512714610.33095/jeas.v29i138.3044The Importance of Strategic Orientation Dimensions in the Iraqi National Security Service: An Analytical Study
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3043
<p>The current research aims to identify the level of strategic orientation and its dimensions (vision, mission, goals, and values) in the Iraqi National Security Service (INSS). The researchers followed the descriptive analytical approach as one of the forms of analysis and organized scientific interpretation to describe a specific phenomenon or problem, adopting the form questionnaire being the main source in collecting data and preparing for this. Based on the program of the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS 26) to analyze the data and come up with the final research results to identify the opinions of the intended sample on the subject of research, and the questionnaire of (20) paragraphs included the search variable, and was distributed to 118 forms were recovered from which 115 forms were selected for statistical analysis since 3 forms are not valid for analysis, approved statistical programs (arithmetic averages, standard deviation, coefficient of differences, and relative importance). The most noticeable result is that the existence of values of Public Administration in the INSS apparatus emphasizes professionalism and integrity at work where all employees must adhere to the principles of ethics and their obligations as well as professional ethics.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type:</strong> Research paper</p>
Economics Researchesالتوجه الاستراتيجي ، الرؤية، الرسالة، الاهداف، القيم.Strategic Orientation, Vision, Mission, Goals, and Values.Ammar Hossam al-RubaieYousif Aftan Abdullah
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2024-03-052024-03-0511312610.33095/jeas.v29i138.3043The Role of Digital Economy in Iraqi Economic Growth for The Period of 2010-2022 (Analytical Study)
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3042
<p>The research addresses the role of the digital economy in the growth of the Iraqi economy during the period from 2010 to 2022. The research is based on the hypothesis that the digital economy has become one of the primary growth drivers worldwide and has a close relationship with economic development. Therefore, the digital transformation in Iraq can accelerate bridging developmental gaps with other countries.</p> <p>It has become evident that the Iraqi economy suffers from structural imbalances for various reasons, hindering economic growth. These reasons include political and economic factors, as well as the absence of a well-thought-out policy to promote the agricultural sector, which is considered one of the fundamental sectors capable of stimulating the Iraqi economy.</p> <p>The study found that the digital economy contributes to increasing the gross domestic product if computer technology and information and communication technology are applied in economic activities such as agriculture, industry, trade, finance, and services. Furthermore, focusing on local expertise and educated individuals can be significant. The study recommends providing the necessary infrastructure for the digital economy in Iraq to serve all sectors, especially the agricultural sector and e-commerce. It also emphasizes the need to promote innovation, reduce corruption, and achieve security stability to create a safe environment for foreign investment. It aims to introduce advanced technology to Iraq and preserve scientific capabilities. Establishing an independent institution to manage and regulate the implementation of the digital economy as a national priority and working on improving information and communication technology is also advised.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research paper.</p>
Economics ResearchesDigital Economy, Economic Growth, Digital Transformation, Economic Development, Digital TechnologyMaryam Firas AbdullradaBushra Ali Waheeb
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2024-03-052024-03-059611210.33095/jeas.v29i138.3042Financial Variables and Their Effects on The Development of Bank Credit and Productive Sectors in Iraq Using a Path Analysis Model
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3041
<p>This study aims to measure and analyze the direct and indirect effects of the financial variables, namely (public spending, public revenues, internal debt, and external debt), on the non-oil productive sectors with and without bank credit as an intermediate variable, using quarterly data for the period (2004Q1–2021Q4), converted using Eviews 12. To measure the objective of the study, the path analysis method was used using IBM SPSS-AMOS. The study concluded that the direct and indirect effects of financial variables have a weak role in directing bank credit towards the productive sectors in Iraq, which amounted to (0.18), as a result of market risks or unstable expectations in the economy. In addition to the weak credit ratings of borrowers, this is on the one hand, and on the other hand, the majority of the credit granted by the Iraqi banking system has been directed towards the construction sector as a result of the guarantees that this sector can provide compared to other productive sectors. On the other hand, financial variables were not supportive in directing bank credit towards the development of these sectors in the country's GDP because the results reflected by the direct and indirect effects of financial variables were weak in supporting productive sectors with or without bank credit. (Especially since the local debt was competing with the private sector in obtaining bank credit, and this is called the effect of crowding out.)</p> <p> </p>
Economics Researchesالمتغيرات المالية، الائتمان المصرفي، القطاعات الإنتاجية، نموذج تحليل المسار.Saif Ali Yahya HassanSalah Mahdi Abbas Al-Birmani
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2024-03-052024-03-05799510.33095/jeas.v29i138.3041The Role of Quality of Work Life in Reinforcing Core Competencies: A Descriptive and analytical research in the Ministry of Health
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3040
<p>The research aims to diagnose the shortcomings and weaknesses in applying the dimensions of the quality of work life and the extent of their impact on employees’ attitudes and behaviors, and thus their relationship to enhancing their core competencies. The scientific value of the research stems from highlighting the importance of the dimensions of the quality of professional life in improving the productive efficiency of workers in the public sector and raising the level of organizational performance. Because the quality of working life plays an important role in enhancing the core competencies of employees in the public sector, it can also be an incentive or a disincentive for any employee by adapting to the economic and social conditions in which the individual lives and the effort in their work. The researchers used a descriptive-analytical approach by adopting a questionnaire as the primary tool. The Ministry of Health was chosen as the research community through a sample survey that included the general director and their assistants, department heads and their assistants, and directors of departments and units. The sample size was 155 from Ministry of Health leaders, and the SPSS statistical program was used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that there is a direct correlation and influence on the dimensions of the quality of work life and its contribution to reinforcing the core competencies of the ministry under investigation, which is reflected in improving its job performance in general.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type:</strong> Research paper</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>
Managerial Researchesجودة حياة العمل ، المقدرات الجوهرية ، وزاة الصحة.Quality of Work Life, Core Competencies, Ministry of HealthAli Adnan HasanHaider Fadhel KadhemAlaulddin B. Jawad
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2024-03-052024-03-05677810.33095/jeas.v29i138.3040The Impact of Strategic Cohesion on Administrative Excellence
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3039
<p>This research aims to test the effect of strategic cohesion with its dimensions (organizational excitement, organizational casting, organizational synergy) as an independent variable on administrative excellence as a dependent variable in the Ministry of Planning, and through surveying several employees (general managers, heads of departments, and units managers). As a research community, and based on the importance of the research topic in the aforementioned research community. The researchers have adopted the descriptive-analytical using the questionnaire as the main data collection. 155 questionnaires were distributed, yet,114 of them were retrieved and 110 were used for final statistical analysis. The researchers used the relevant standard statistical methods, for example, “(confirmative and exploratory factor analysis, coefficient of variance, and relative importance). To test the hypotheses and a number of statistical measurements based on them (SPSS, AMOS V.25)), the researchers depend on the (Kolmogorov – Smirnov test), The most prominent result is that strategic cohesion with its dimensions impact on administrative excellence. The most important recommendation is that there is a need for the Ministry of Planning to adopt strategic cohesion and focus on it to reach the excellence that the ministry seeks to reach its goals, vision, and mission.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong><strong>: Research paper.</strong></p>
Managerial Researchesالتماسك الاستراتيجي ، التميز الإداري ، وزارة التخطيطStrategic Coherence, Administrative Excellence, Ministry of PlanningThuraya Hussein JassemAdel Abdel-Wadoud Taher
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2024-03-052024-03-05546610.33095/jeas.v29i138.3039Employ the Knowledge Accumulation of Human Resources in Strategic Performance
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3038
<p>The main purpose of this research is to diagnose the role of the Knowledge Accumulation of Human Resources KAHR in Strategic Performance SP, and for that, the research was applied to the represented sample by the administrative leaders consisting of (108) individuals distributed according to their positions and the organizational structure of the ministry. Correlations, effects, and benefits from generalizing the results in the field of research. The research involved a mixed-methods approach through two stages. During the first stage, the researcher gathered quantitative data from a questionnaire. The second stage gathered qualitative data to explore the survey results more deeply by conducting individual interviews with a sub-sample of 12 who are working at the Higher Institute for Security and Administrative Development HISAD in the Iraqi Interior Ministry. In order to answer questions of the research problem and reach the goals to be achieved, this research used many statistical methods, such as regression coefficient, correlation coefficient, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. In addition to several figures and illustrations show the relationship between the research variables and their dimensions. The research showed several important results representing statistically significant effect of KAHR on SP. In the end, the research provided many recommendations was the most vital that the Higher Institute for Security and Administrative Development should confirm and invest in the KAHR in enhancing its strategic performance.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Paper type:</strong> Research paper</p>
Managerial Researchesالتكامل المعرفي، الموارد البشرية، الاداء الاستراتيجي.Knowledge Accumulation KA, Human Resources HR, Strategic Performance SP.Anmar Muhammad FaragMuhammad Yasin Rahim
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2024-03-052024-03-05395310.33095/jeas.v29i138.3038Measuring the Level of Entrepreneurial Orientation: Analytical Research in the National Security Advisory
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3037
<p>The current research aims to measure the level of entrepreneurial orientation and its dimensions (creativity, independence, proactivity, risk tolerance, and achievement) in the National Security Chancellery, as its importance and role in guiding senior leaders of the chancellery to make strategic decisions with high quality in various Iraqi concerns, more specifically the security aspect. The data was collected from 94 individuals (the research sample) from the research community (120) individuals at different administrative levels and intentionally where the questionnaire was adopted as a main tool for data collection and the primary data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical methods (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and relative importance) using the statistical analysis program (SPSS V28). The most prominent result was the direction of the National Security Chancellery to continuously improve its entrepreneurial orientation (creativity, proactivity, and taking risks). While independence and achievement came in the last order).</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong> </strong></p>
Managerial Researches: Entrepreneurial orientation, creativity, independence, proactivity, taking risks, achievement.Muntaha Rasheed YarallahNisreen Jassim Mohammed
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2024-03-052024-03-05223810.33095/jeas.v29i138.3037The Effect of Green Training and Development on Sustainable Performance: An Analytical Research in the Ministry of Environment
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/3036
<p>The current study aims to test the impact of green training and development on sustainable performance and explore its effects within and outside the Iraqi Ministry of Environment. The main research problem revolves around the question of the extent of implementing green training and development and sustainable performance in the ministry (What is the nature of the relationship between green training and development and sustainable performance in the ministry?). To clarify the relationship between the research variables, two main hypotheses were formulated along with sub-hypotheses. The study also aims to assess the level of the ministry's interest in the research variables and provide key recommendations to enhance sustainable performance through the adoption of green training and development. The descriptive-analytical method was employed in this study, where data was collected from a random sample of 250 individuals, but 150 questionnaires were collected. The researchers used a range of statistical methods using software such as Excel, SPSS V28, and Amos V25. The most significant results of the study indicate that sustainable environmental performance can be enhanced through a focus on training and the development of green environmental practices in general. Furthermore, a noticeable impact was observed for both variables (environmental training and development and sustainable performance), with prioritization and preference given to sustainable performance in practical implementation over training and environmental development. Based on the results, it is recommended to improve sustainable performance through the implementation of environmental training and development programs within the Ministry of Environment, while also focusing on research variables associated with sustainable performance.</p> <p><strong>Paper type:</strong> Research paper.</p>
Managerial ResearchesGreen Training and Development, Sustainable Performance, Environmental Performance.: التدريب والتطوير الاخضر، الاداء المستدام، ، الأداء البيئي.Walaa Tariq JasimAli Hasson Altaee
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2024-03-052024-03-0512110.33095/jeas.v29i138.3036Machine Learning Techniques for Analyzing Survival Data of Breast Cancer Patients in Baghdad
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2760
<p>The Machine learning methods, which are one of the most important branches of promising artificial intelligence, have great importance in all sciences such as engineering, medical, and also recently involved widely in statistical sciences and its various branches, including analysis of survival, as it can be considered a new branch used to estimate the survival and was parallel with parametric, nonparametric and semi-parametric methods that are widely used to estimate survival in statistical research. In this paper, the estimate of survival based on medical images of patients with breast cancer who receive their treatment in Iraqi hospitals was discussed. Three algorithms for feature extraction were explained: The first principal component algorithm, The second kernel principal component algorithm, and The last is the faster ICA algorithm. Then the important features extracted in the three algorithms for features extraction will be entered into machine learning algorithms: The first K nearest neighbor algorithm, The second survival tree algorithm (or regression tree), and the last random survival forests algorithm.</p> <p>Two criteria for comparing the best models to estimate survival have relied on the MSE and the C-Index. The best model for estimating and predicting survival is the use of the fastest ICA algorithm with the random survival forest algorithm that gave the lowest amount to MSE and the highest value to the C-Index. Accordingly, we recommend doctors and medical professionals in Iraq adopt this model to estimate survival for patients with breast cancer.</p>
Statistical ResearchesSurvival function, Feature extraction, Machine learning, Mammogram medical images, Breast cancer.Noor Ayad MohammedEntsar Arebe Fadam
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2023-08-152023-08-1516017610.33095/jeas.v29i137.2760Estimating Demand for Imported Food Categories in Iraq
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2759
<p>Iraq is highly dependent on international markets to provide food for its residents. As imported food prices are highly dependent on crude oil prices in global markets, any shock in oil prices will have an impact on food consumption in the country. As a result, it is essential to study the demand for imported food at every time period. To the best of our knowledge as researchers, as not even a single study is available in the literature, this paper is considered the first to study the demand for imported food groups in Iraq. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to estimate demand elasticities for several imported food categories in Iraq. This study uses an Almost Ideal Demand System model to analyze the demand for imported food in Iraq from 1980-2003 and 2003-2020. Data are collected from secondary resources. The main results show that some food categories become demand inelastic after they were demand elastic in the first period. In contrast, demand for some food groups become more price sensitive in the second period after it was less price sensitive in the first period. There are also changes in some food categories after they became luxuries in the second period. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the changing dynamics of food import demand in Iraq and have policy implications by helping the decision-makers to invest more in the local production of some food groups.</p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research paper</p>
Economics ResearchesDemand Analysis, Elasticity, Food Imports, Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), Iraq.Yaser Yaseen AbdullahRezgar Mostafa Mohammed
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2023-08-152023-08-1514615910.33095/jeas.v29i137.2759The Impact of Gross Domestic Product Response to the Money Supply Shock in the Iraqi Economy for the Period (2004-2021)
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2758
<p>The research aims to clarify the response of the GDP to the M1 shock. It includes access to the results using standard methods, where the standard model was built according to quarterly data using the program STATA 17. According to the joint integration model ARDL, the research found a long-term equilibrium positive for the relationship between GDP and the money supply in Iraq, as the change in the money supply by a certain percentage will lead to a change in GDP by about 71% of that percentage. In the event of a shock in the Iraqi economy, the impact of the M1 will differ from what it was before the shock, as the shock will increase its effectiveness towards GDP by about 10% more than before the shock. At the same time, the relationship between them remains positive. One of the most important recommendations is to work to achieve a proportional balance between the money supply and GDP. This is done through the control of monetary policy to reach a real balance between the monetary and commodity sectors. It contributes to addressing the chronic imbalances of most economic sectors, especially in productivity and its vulnerability to monetary economic shocks.</p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>:<em> Research paper</em>.</p>
Economics ResearchesMoney Supply M1, Gross Domestic Product, Shocks, CointegrationAli Wahaib Abdallah Sameer Siham Dawood
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2023-08-152023-08-1513114510.33095/jeas.v29i137.2758Relationship Analysis Between Monetary Policy and Financial Sustainability in Iraq For the Period 2015–2021
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2757
<p>This research aims to study and analyze the reality of monetary policy and financial sustainability in Iraq through either a descriptive or analytical approach by trying to link and coordinate between monetary policy and fiscal policy to enhance economic sustainability. The research is based on the hypothesis that the monetary policy of Iraq contributes to achieving financial stability, which improves economic sustainability by providing aid and assistance to the state to reduce the budget deficit and exacerbate indebtedness. The author used the monetary policy indicators, the re-deduction of Treasury transfers by the central bank and the money supply, and financial sustainability indicators, including the public debt indicators and the deficit or surplus to GDP indicator, to prove the role of monetary policy in enhancing the financial sustainability of Iraq and to show that monetary policy plays a role in making Iraq's economy more stable. The study found that there is a role for monetary policy in enhancing financial sustainability, significantly when oil prices decrease in global markets, directly or indirectly, through the use of a set of economic tools, including discounting treasury transfers, the money supply, and the exchange rate.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type:</strong> <em> </em>Research paper</p>
Economics Researches: Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, Financial Sustainability, Public DebtMohammed Sabri Al-AsideLawrence Yahiya Saleh Al- Kubaisi
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2023-08-152023-08-1511213010.33095/jeas.v29i137.2757Industries Based on the Petrochemical Industry in Iraq-Plastics Industry as a Model
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2756
<p>This study came to discuss the subject of industries dependent on petrochemical industries in Iraq (plastic as a model) during the period 2005–2020, and the study concluded that the plastic industries contribute to areas of advancement and progress and opportunities to deal efficiently with the challenges posed by the new variables, the most important of which is the information revolution. communications and trade liberalization, and this is what contributes to the competitiveness of these industries. And because the petrochemical industry in Iraq has an active role in establishing plastic industrial clusters and clusters of micro, small, and medium industries by providing the necessary feedstock for these industries in various fields and industrial sectors, such as plastic packaging industries and building, And the industries feeding the automobile industry, textiles, machinery and equipment manufacturing, and other industries, depending on the availability of various petrochemical products and feedstocks. The study recommended developing strategies and approving medium and long-term development plans through which results can be benefited from in the field of developing small, medium, and micro industries, as well as coordination and cooperation between agencies. , and the bodies concerned with the development of small and medium enterprises in the Arab countries, encouraging the establishment of projects for small and medium industries, reviewing policies and legislation, and updating them to ensure facilitating financing procedures and encouraging and stimulating the participation of the private sector in the development of small and medium enterprises in addition to the government sector.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research paper</p>
Economics Researches: Feedstock, Plastics, Manufacturing Strategy, Industrial Development, Resins, and PolymersFarah Mohammed Abdel RahmanFares Kareem Buraihi
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2023-08-152023-08-159511110.33095/jeas.v29i137.2756Inclusive leadership in the General Secretariat for the Council of Ministers - An analytical research
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2755
<p>The current research aims to evaluate the level of inclusive leadership within the General Secretariat for the Council of Ministers, and its role in achieving integration in work through the need to improve relationships between different administrative levels, facilitate participation, expression of opinions, and belonging to the organization. In order to achieve the research objective, the descriptive analytical statistical method was chosen using the SPSS V.25 programs, with various statistical methods and measures, including mean, standard deviation, variance coefficient, relative importance, and simple regression, through a questionnaire tool for data collection. The research community included the leadership in the sample of research, with (87) questionnaire forms distributed and (83) forms received. The main results of this research indicate the existence of an inclusive leadership pattern in the sample of research, through the availability of the dimensions adopted in the current research, especially the dimension of openness that contributes significantly to employing inclusive leadership through the investment in new opportunities to improve work procedures and responsiveness to staff suggestions, and the dimension of availability is through the leadership's ability to deal with work problems, where subordinates can communicate easily and participate with the leadership to enhance work performance, as stated in the dimension of accessibility, in addition, the inclusive leader must have motivational, communicative, and communication skills, be able to make appropriate strategic decisions, possess the ability to adapt to the increasing variables in the world, such as technological, social, environmental changes, and the ability to set prioritize and achieve the targeted goals.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research Paper</p>
Managerial ResearchesInclusive leadership, the General Secretariat for the Council of Ministers, Openness, AvailabilityAli A. AlalakSalma Hatyta RaheemahZaid F. Makki
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2023-08-152023-08-15769410.33095/jeas.v29i137.2755Impacting Digital Competence on Entrepreneurial Alertness: An Analytical Research at the Central Bank of Iraq
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2754
<p>In the era of the digital economy, public organizations need to consolidation the capabilities of entrepreneurial alertness to reduce the risks of sudden transformations and changes, and to find effective mechanisms to discover and invest in environmental opportunities proactively, as this concern has become a knowledge gap in public sector institutions, the current research aims to identify the role of digital competence in influencing on entrepreneurial alertness in the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI), the descriptive analytical approach was used as a research method to describe and analyze the main research variables. digital competence as an explanatory variable includes three dimensions: digital infrastructure, digital integration, and digital management, while entrepreneurial alertness as a responsive variable comprises three dimensions: scanning and search, association and connection, and evaluation as well as judgment. The research sample included the middle and senior administrative leaders of the CBI through using proportionate stratified random sampling to get a good representation of each class of society (n=125). The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) by AMOS were used to analyze the research data. The results indicated that there is a statistically significant positive correlation and influence relationship between the two main research variables and their sub-dimensions. The most important dimensions of digital competence in influence and interest were digital infrastructure and digital management. However, the influence of digital integration on entrepreneurial alertness was insignificant in the CBI.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research paper.</p>
Managerial ResearchesDigital Competence; Digital Infrastructure; Digital Integration; Digital Management; Entrepreneurial Alertness; The Central Bank of Iraq.Isam Khudhir MajeedSuhair Adel Hamed
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2023-08-152023-08-15567510.33095/jeas.v29i137.2754The Influence of Customer Knowledge Management on Sustainable Promotion
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2753
<p>This research has investigated the effect of the customer knowledge management CKM in sustainable promotion SP. The research conducted a quantitative method on a sample of employees in the Al-Furat State Company for Chemical Industries affiliated / the Ministry of Industry and Minerals in Iraq. The research’s problem presented a set of questions, one of the most important was (is there a relation and impact between the dimensions of customer knowledge management and sustainable promotion). The aim of the research is to identify the extent to which customer knowledge management activities are applied in understudy organization. This research adopted the questionnaire as a main instrument to collect information from (140) participants in various administrative levels (top management, middle, and executive). One of the most important results of the research was the existence of a relation and effect between the dimensions of customer knowledge management and sustainable promotion. Also, the findings of the current research revealed a great interest in customer knowledge management and its dimensions (knowledge from the customer, about the customer, of the customer, and joint construction) with sustainable promotion. According to these findings, the research recommended supporting CKM in the researched company through promoting activities related to understanding the needs and desires of customers and providing them with sustainable products.</p>
Managerial Researchesإدارة معرفة الزبون ، المعرفة حول الزبون .Ruaa sadkan Abd-AlhasanAtheer Abdullah Mohammed
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2023-08-152023-08-15425510.33095/jeas.v29i137.2753Identifying the Level of Effective Leadership Practices : An Analytical Research in "The Office of Iraqi Interior Ministry "
https://jeasiq.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/JEASIQ/article/view/2750
<p>The current research aims to identify the level of effective leadership practices dimensions (clear vision and specific goals, good planning and effective influence, and <a href="https://context.reverso.net/translation/english-arabic/monitoring+and+evaluation">monitoring well as evaluation</a>) among the senior leaders in the Office of the Iraqi Interior Ministry., The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical approach to collect data through the questionnaire as a main tool, developed by relying on international standards after making adjustments to its items consisting of (25) items that included the research variable, the questionnaire was distributed to all the research community (comprehensive inventory) by 120 forms from employees working at the level of (ahead of the directorate, and ahead of department), to recover 105 forms, but the good forms for the final analysis were 102 forms, form, using statistical programs (SPSS V.28 (, including (mathematical averages, standard deviation, difference factories, and relative importance, and the research reached the most prominent result represented by the existence of this leadership practices with the senior leadership of the Office of the Iraqi Interior Ministry.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Paper type</strong>: Research paper</p>
Managerial ResearchesEffective leadership, clear vision and specific goals, good planning.Haidar A. tamemi Nisreen Jassim Mohammed
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2023-08-152023-08-15284110.33095/jeas.v29i137.2750