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Abstract

The socioeconomic conditions experienced by the Iraqi economy have produced numerous negative repercussions, fostering an environment that encourages the establishment of industrial and service projects misaligned with market shifts. These projects rely on rudimentary machinery and manual craftsmanship, encompassing retail sellers and various types of unlicensed and unregulated workshops and factories. Consequently, these enterprises have proliferated haphazardly, remaining beyond the scope of state oversight and regulatory control. In a bid to maintain a relative balance for survival and due to their inability to compete with counterparts possessing competitive advantages, these entities often resort to increasing levels of industrial and commercial fraud while compromising product quality. This includes the recycling of raw materials—such as plastic and aluminum—and the utilization of used spare parts, practices that have become embedded in the market culture among both individuals and corporations within the industrial sector.

DOI

10.33095/jeas.v16i58.1481

Subject Area

Economics

First Page

80

Last Page

130

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