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Abstract

Fiscal policy instruments, encompassing both expenditure and revenue, hold a preeminent position among economic policy tools due to their profound socio-economic impacts on overall economic activity. This research focuses on the social implications of fiscal policy instruments (public expenditure and public revenue), reflecting the increasing global significance of social development—particularly its intangible components. These components consist of essential social services that contribute significantly to simultaneous economic and social development, most notably education, healthcare, social safety nets, social security, and other public utilities. Given the urgent need within the Iraqi context for social equilibrium alongside economic stability, it is imperative to study and analyze the role of various forms of public spending and revenue—governed by central government laws and decrees—in achieving balanced social development.

DOI

10.33095/jeas.v18i68.993

Subject Area

Economics

First Page

236

Last Page

253

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