Abstract
This study uses an econometric approach to examine how sustainability indicators affect agricultural output in Iraq. Water sustainability, food security sustainability, the agricultural labor force, and virtual water imports are independent variables, and agricultural output is the dependent variable. The analysis uses annual data from 1990 to 2024. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to analyze both short- and long-run relationships. Specifically, the results confirm the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between sustainability indicators and agricultural output. In the long run, water sustainability positively affects agricultural output, indicating a direct, expected relationship. Furthermore, food security sustainability has a positive, statistically significant impact at the 1% level. In contrast, the agricultural labor force variable shows a negative, statistically insignificant coefficient, which may reflect the prevalence of disguised and seasonal unemployment in the agricultural sector. Meanwhile, virtual water imports have a negative and statistically significant effect, consistent with theoretical expectations. These findings support the hypothesis that sustainability indicators significantly influence agricultural output, although the magnitude and direction of effects vary across dimensions.
DOI
10.33095/2227-703X.4348
Subject Area
Economics
First Page
39
Last Page
48
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Recommended Citation
Mohammed, N., & AL-Badri, B. (2026). Impact of the Sustainability Indicators on Agricultural Output in Iraq for the Period (1990–2024). Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 32(2), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.33095/2227-703X.4348
